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Barnes maze
The Barnes maze is a tool used in psychological laboratory experiments to measure spatial learning and memory. The test was first developed by Dr. Carol Barnes in 1979.〔Barnes, CA (1979). "Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat." J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1979 Feb;93(1):74-104.〕 The test subjects are usually rodents such as mice or lab rats, which either serve as a control or may have some genetic variable or deficiency present in them which will cause them to react to the maze differently. The basic function of Barnes maze is to measure the ability of a mouse to learn and remember the location of a target zone using a configuration of distal visual cues located around the testing area.〔Harrison F.E,Hosseini A.H, MacDonald M.P.(2009). "Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks." Behavioral Brain Research 198 (2009) 247–251.〕 This noninvasive task is useful for evaluating novel chemical entities for their effects on cognition as well as identifying cognitive deficits in transgenic strains of rodents that model for disease such as Alzheimer's disease.〔Reiserer, RS., Harrison F>E., Syverud, DC., McDonald, MP. Impaired spatial learning in the APPSwe + PSEN1DeltaE9 bigenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Genes Brain Behav. 6:54-65 (2007).〕 It is also used by neuroscientists to determine whether there is a causative effect after mild traumatic brain injury on learning deficits (acquisition trials) and spatial memory retention (probe) at acute and chronic time points. This task is dependent on the intrinsic inclination of the subjects to escape from an aversive environment and on hippocampal-dependent spatial reference memory.〔Harrison FE, Hosseini AH, McDonald MP. 2009. Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and barnes maze spatial memory tasks. Behav Brain Res 198(1):247-51.〕
==Set-up==
The Barnes maze consists of a circular surface with up to 20 circular holes around its circumference. Visual cues, such as colored shapes or patterns, are placed around the table in plain sight of the animal. The table surface is brightly lit by overhead lighting. Under one of the holes is an "escape box" which can be reached by the rodent through the corresponding hole on the table top. The model is based on rodents' aversion of open spaces, which motivates the test subject to seek shelter in the escape box. A normal rodent will learn to find the escape box within four to five trials and will head directly toward the escape box without attempting to escape via incorrect holes. Various parameters are measured including latency to escape, path length, number of errors, and velocity. The selection of a background strain and the choice of behavioural tasks are significant in determining the outcome of an experiment. These variables help to verify that innate anxiety and cognitive ability differ considerably among mouse strains.〔Harrison, FE., Hosseini, AH., McDonald, MP. (2009) "Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks". Behavioural Brain Research. 198(1):247-251.〕
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